Journal of Global and Area Studies Vol. 6 No. 3
Articles
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Special issueⅠ: Trans-Pacific Global Value Chains _ Global Value Chains and Regional Connection: Asia’s Shifting Inter- and Intra-Regional Trade Linkages |
p.1-23 |
| Author |
Joonkoo Lee |
| Released |
December 1, 2022 |
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- Abstract
- The global value chain (GVC) mainly concerns the geographic dispersion and integration of the production-consumption system in the contemporary world economy. However, little work has been done conceptually regarding the GVC’s relationship with macro-regions like Asia, or in conjunction with regionalization. To address the gap, this paper examines the regional connection and interaction within Asia and beyond from the lens of GVCs. It introduces a GVC understanding of the global economy and discusses how the macro-regional dynamics can be comprehended in the context of GVCs and various interactions of intra- and extra-regional firms. The study proposes an analytical framework for GVC configurations relative to inter-regional and intra-regional connections. The paper then examines the evolving nature of Asia's regional connection as the most dynamic region with contemporary GVCs. It specifically analyzes international trade networks in two GVC-intensive sectors, i.e., textile and apparel, and electronics, and highlights how inter- and intra-regional trade networks vary across sectors and product types and have changed over time. The study concludes by discussing Asia’s future regional connection amid post-pandemic uncertainties over GVCs.
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Special issueⅠ: Trans-Pacific Global Value Chains _ “Chip War” Between U.S. and China: Restructuring the Trans-Pacific Semiconductor Value Chain |
p.25--54 |
| Author |
DooJoo Baek |
| Released |
December 1, 2022 |
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- Abstract
- This study analyzes the characteristics and contents of strategic competition between the U.S. and China through the reorganization of the Trans-Pacific semiconductor value chain (SVC). The research results are as follows: First, the Trans-Pacific SVC grew under the leadership of the U.S. government in the 1960s. In the 1980s, the U.S. faced a crisis with the growth of Japan’s semiconductor industry; however, the U.S. recovered leadership in semiconductors through an agreement based on predatory hegemony. The globalization of the semiconductor industry was differentiated by production process and consequently geopolitical risks and vulnerabilities, the decline of the manufacturing capacity of the U.S.’s semiconductor industry, and the resulting rise of China’s industry. Second, in the 2000s, China promoted an upward stratification strategy from its position in the existing low-value-added and labor-intensive value chain. Thus, awareness of the crisis regarding technological hegemony in the U.S. has increased. The U.S. is currently pursuing a technology blockade strategy against China, starting with the trade dispute in 2018, to prevent the rise of China. Third, the U.S. SVC’s competitive strategy is to reorganize the Trans-Pacific SVC based on onshoring and friendshoring. In response to this, China is establishing a domestic Red Supply Chain as China’s “self-reliance and self-improvement” in the semiconductor industry and advanced technology. In the future, the Trans-Pacific SVC will be reorganized around the “Semicon Pivot to the U.S.” and China’s “Red Value Chain” establishment strategy. Under these conditions, the Trans-Pacific SVC is entering a new “Age of Transition.”
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Special issue Ⅱ: Global History in the Trans-Pacific Region _ Finding a Germ of Transition to Capitalism within China |
p.55-99 |
| Author |
Sung Hee Ru |
| Released |
December 1, 2022 |
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- Abstract
- Recent research shows the need to reinterpret nineteenth-century China’s economic
condition, which can be defined as the beginning point of a transition to capitalism. I
expand on the theoretical implications of the historical capitalism over the longue durée to theorize the great transformation of China’s economy from pre-capitalist to capitalist. I present a theoretical framework of China’s incorporation process that highlights how the nineteenth-century Chinese economy was gradually turned into a capitalist economy within the dynamics of the capitalist world economy, which led to China’s capitalist transition. To compartmentalize the nineteenth-century China’s incorporation process, I present two ideal types, the capitalist world economy’s positive and negative impacts and China’s active and passive responses. Then, I analyze how each incorporation process makes way for the Chinese economy’s capitalist transition. I also present historical evidences that Qing governmental apparatus, directly or indirectly, serves to foster China’s capitalist transition. It informs us of a hitherto unnoticed phenomenon, non-European areas’ capitalist transition; engagement with Western impact, which triggered both positive and negative impacts on China; and China’s active and passive responses. This serves to find a legacy of the nineteenth century China, as a tumultuous and complex initial stage of China’s capitalist transition process.
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Special issue Ⅱ: Global History in the Trans-Pacific Region _ The Chinese Diaspora in Southeast Asian Colonial Primate Cities: Their Role and Relationships with the Ruler of Manila (Philippines) during 1571–1640s |
p.101-117 |
| Author |
NGUYEN, Thi Minh Nguyet |
| Released |
December 1, 2022 |
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- Abstract
- Urbanization in Southeast Asia has seen a tremedous growth since the early-modern period. In this context, the Chinese, who had a long history with Southeast Asian ancient trading ports demonstrated their role and capacity to adapt to these new model cities followed the Western urban planning. Based on the geographical and historical conditions, Southeast Asian colonial cities were quickly associated with the phenomenon of a strong Chinese diaspora [hua-kew]. In the case of the Philippine islands, thousands of Chinese started to reside there since the beginning of the colonial period, especially when the Spanish bring their own silver from Latin America to Asia. However, their relationship with the government always was complicated due to their significant position in commercial activities and interactions with the indigenous community. In contrast to the indigenous people, the Chinese gradually migrated from concentrated settelements into the colonial metropolitan area and assumed a significant economic role in term of domestic and international trade of the whole islands. During this time, they built for themselves strategic and basic “position" inside the one and only colony of Spanish in Asia.
This study argues that there was a change in colonial policy that targeted the Chinese
immigrants and their responses to the fluctuations in the city’s economic growth.
Furthermore, this paper analyzes the successes and failures of the colonial administration’s attempts to maintain their power of the government in the central cities under the influence of Chinese communities living inside and outside the city of Manila by focusing on Southeast Asia colonial urban history through a soccio-economic dimension. As a significant characteristic of of Southeast Asian cities througout history and into the present, this “strange relationship” has helped shape a new model for urban space.
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Global Cities and COVID-19: Stories of Resilience and Fragility in Los Angeles |
p.119-133 |
| Author |
Edward J.W. Park |
| Released |
December 1, 2022 |
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- Abstract
- This paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global cities. In particular, the paper revisits and updates the academic literature on global cities and focuses on the discussion of the resilience and fragility of global cities in light of an unprecedented global pandemic. By severely testing the strength and durability of the international flow of goods and people, the sweeping scale and intensity of the COVID-19 pandemic directly called into question the thick and complicated network of global cities that serve as modes for international trade and travel. The paper then draws on the impact of COVID-19 on Los Angeles to examine how the pandemic impacted the city’s health, economy, and social fabric. The findings suggest that the international connections of Los Angeles became a source of initial vulnerability but eventual strength as the city managed the health and the economic impacts of the pandemic. However, more complicated stories emerge from immigrant and ethnic communities in Los Angeles. For this “Ethnic Los Angeles,” COVID-19 came to the United States at a time of intense political polarization and severe economic
inequality. This polarization and inequality have contributed to Ethnic Los Angeles bearing an unfair share of the burden from the pandemic.
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An Empirical Analysis of US-Japan Trade Agreement on Welfare in ‘New’ and ‘New New’ Trade models of Monopolistic Competition and Firm Heterogeneity |
p.135-151 |
| Author |
Chae-Deug Yi |
| Released |
December 1, 2022 |
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- Abstract
- The perfectly competitive Armington’s model underestimates the welfare effects of the US–Japan Trade Agreement, whereas the monopolistically competitive Krugman "New" trade model will have positive scale effects. As trade begins in firm heterogeneity Melitz "New New" trade model, only the most competitive firms can survive. Although the Melitz model has negative variety and fixed cost effects, the larger positive technology and scale effects offset the negative effects. Thus, the total welfare gains in the Melitz (2003) model owing to production technology and scale effects are much larger than those in the Armington (1969) and Krugman (1979) models. The total welfare gains in the Melitz (2003) model are also larger than those in the Armington (1969) model because of the scale effect of the US–Japan Trade Agreement. Thus, the welfare effects depend on the economic structure of the free-trade agreement members. However, we need to adopt the more realistic Melitz "New New" trade model and Krugman "New"trade model than the standard conventional Armington model to analyze the more plausible economic effects of the US–
Japan Trade Agreement.
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Passive House performance evaluation and key management factor analysis in the Sino-German Ecopark: A study through fieldwork and interdisciplinary joint research |
p.153-169 |
| Author |
Hae Jo Chung , Jin Kook Yang |
| Released |
December 1, 2022 |
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- Abstract
- In terms of eco-friendliness, China is far behind advanced western countries. Recently, however, several places in China have been collaborating with the German Passive House Institute to construct eco-friendly buildings on a large scale. This study intends to analyze the passive house construction technology being implemented in the eco-friendly buildings that have been completed or are under construction at the Sino-German Ecopark in Qingdao, among several other complexes, based on fieldwork and interdisciplinary joint research. This study compares the importance of key factors through analytic hierarchy process (AHP) analysis. This study aims to extract and present factors of high difficulty noted in the successful construction of passive houses by examining the fieldwork of three case projects at the Sino-German Ecopark. These factors were divided into three categories: technical factors, policy factors, and managerial factors. Through AHP analysis, it was determined that the
policy factors were of higher importance than technical and managerial factors. Barrier-free facilities were the most important factor among all the policy factors, and the window system was the most important among the technical factors. In the case of management factors, project management ability proved to be the most important factor. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a guideline that should be considered in the future Passive House design and construction process.
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The Impact of Official Development Assistance on the Economic Growth of the Solomon Islands |
p.171-196 |
| Author |
Utai Uprasen |
| Released |
December 1, 2022 |
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- Abstract
- The Solomon Islands is a least developed country in the Pacific Ocean. As a low-income country, its economic development has been significantly relied on official development assistance (ODA). According to the economic growth theory, ODA is a vital contributor to the economic development of a low-income economy. Nonetheless, the existing literature shows inconclusive empirical findings. This paper fills the research gap by scrutinizing the effect of ODA on the economic growth of the Solomon Islands. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is adopted using the annual data from 1980 to 2019. The empirical findings from the ARDL model indicate the positive impact of ODA on economic growth, but with a marginal effect. A one percent increase in ODA raises 0.07 percent of per capita GDP. The Toda-Yamamoto approach of Granger causality analysis is performed for the robustness check. The finding from the Toda-Yamamoto method suggests that there is no causal relationship running from ODA toward the economic growth of the Solomon Islands.
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Status of Christian Minority in Jerusalem: Emergence and Development |
p.197-215 |
| Author |
Mona Farouk M. Ahmed |
| Released |
December 1, 2022 |
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- Abstract
- Jerusalem is one of the holiest cities for Christians due to its significant relevance to Jesus Christ. Being the center of Christian pilgrimage in addition to its long Christian history, Jerusalem is expected to attract many Christians for living. Despite these facts, the Christians in this holy city compose only a minority with numbers showing a declining trend. The majority of those Jerusalemite Christians are Palestinians struggling for their rights in their homeland.
The study showed the sufferings of Christians under the Israeli occupation which sheds light on the discrimination against minorities in Israel. The Christian minority in Jerusalem is declining as many Jerusalem Christians are facing serious pressures that have led them to flee their homeland and live as refugees or migrants in different parts of the world. The study highlights this fact of the decline of the Christian minority in Jerusalem while tracing the emergence and the development of this minority throughout the history of Jerusalem. Through this study, in the light of the problems this minority is facing, the future vision for the Christians in Jerusalem can be predicted for further understanding of the situation in this holy city.
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Kashmir Online, Offline, and Abroad: A New Generation of Freedom Activists since the 2010 Summer of Unrest |
p.217-239 |
| Author |
Dustie Spencer |
| Released |
December 1, 2022 |
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- Abstract
- Formerly the site of militant insurgency, Kashmir freedom advocates have since turned towards nonviolent resistance with growing international support to appeal for separation from India. Demonstrations in the wake of the 2010 ‘summer of unrest’ led to widespread grassroots mobilizations across Kashmir, which have been led primarily by youths. The transition towards nonviolent resistance by Kashmiris while Indian security forces have been accused of human rights abuses have led to greater solidarity with an international community of sympathetic voices. Protests gained momentum within Kashmir as well as abroad, connecting diaspora and other activists through the internet. Due to long curfews and internet shutdowns in Indian Administered Kashmir, international solidarity and mobilization has become increasingly important. This study identifies collective action frames aimed at motivating a broad spectrum of activists in English through social media, art, and other forms of resistance used in globalized social justice movements.
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Ideational Factors in the Paradiplomacy Activities of Indonesian Cities |
p.241-268 |
| Author |
Tonny Dian Effendi |
| Released |
December 1, 2022 |
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- Abstract
- Indonesian local governments conduct paradiplomacy activities after the central
government implements the regional autonomy regulation. Several cities in Indonesia have established cooperation with other cities in other countries, including nongovernment organizations. Economic factors such as trade and investment, and local development are the driving factors of this cooperation. However, ideational factors, such as identity, cultural similarity, and historical aspects, may influence the decision of Indonesian cities to conduct paradiplomacy. This study discusses ideational factors for explaining paradiplomacy activities in Indonesia and focuses on city identity by examining the sister city cooperation of Bandung and Surabaya. By adopting the constructivist perspective in international relations (IR), this study finds that personal identity (corporate and type identity of city) influences local governments’ selection of city partners and cooperation fields. However, corporate identity is the driving factor for a sister city, and the type identity becomes the identity that is projected, constructed, and strengthened in the activities of the sister
city. Theoretically, this study supports the adoption of IR theories that mainly explain the behavior of the state to elucidate these sub-national actors’ behavior in their international activities.
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Migrating up the World City Hierarchy: Seoul as a World City of ‘Transfer’ for the Latin American Creative Class |
p.269-293 |
| Author |
Cassandra Gutierrez Rosales |
| Released |
December 1, 2022 |
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- Abstract
- This paper focuses on the world city of Seoul as an alternative, temporary destination
for creative class migrants from Latin America. The creative class is a concept developed by Richard Florida to describe, "creative individuals whose economic function is to create new ideas, technology and/or creative content." In this research, world city of ‘transfer’ refers to world cities ranked by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) that are of high middle (Alpha) to lower ranking and that become ‘temporary stops’ for the migrating creative classes, whose ultimate destinations are the Alpha+ and Alpha++ world cities. This research namely asks: (1) From the perspective of creative migrants from developing countries, what causes them to leave world ‘transfer’ cities, such as Seoul, and not settle there long term? and (2) What kind of policies can be applied to help creative migrants stay in these cities permanently? Social integration policies should be implemented when trying to further develop a world city’s quality of place. Qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews with Latin American creative people were employed to demonstrate Seoul’s need for social integration policies aimed at retaining
global talent and not just attracting it.
